there are a few things you can try, but most likely there's some type of security in place preventing you from getting an IP. MAC address filtering will have that effect, but on a large network like that, they probably don't use it.
in Network preferences, try creating a new location:
click "edit locations" here
then the "+"
Call it "school" or something, and try connecting again. If that doesn't work, i'd talk to the support at your school and make sure there aren't any security options you're missing. For example, they may use a proxy server, so you'd have to add its IP into your network settings.